글: 熊平 美香 : 未来教育会議実行委員会 代表
덴마크 제2의 도시 오르후스(Aarhus) . 생활 · 교육 환경과 인프라의 ICT화 등으로 높은 평가를 받고 있으며, 첨단 '스마트시티'로 알려진 도시이다. 그 오르후스시 사상 최대의 건축 프로젝트로 2015년에 탄생한 것이 공공도서관 "DOKK1(부두1)."
오르후스시의 인구는 30만명이지만, 개관 4개월 사이에 50만명이 내관. 지금도 1일 약 5000명의 시민이 방문하는 인기있는 장소가되고 있다. 국제도서관협회연맹(IFLA)가 2016년 'Public Library of the Year'로 선정하는 등 국제적으로도 높은 평가를 얻고 있다.
이 DOKK1은 어떻게 생겨난 것인가?
DOKK1의 설립 이전부터 도서관 운영에 종사해 온 롤프 관장은 "스마트 디바이스의 발달 등으로 2020년에는 도서관이 없어 질 것이라고 알려져 있었습니다. 그러나 덴마크의 도서관은 민주주의 교육의 중심으로 중요한 장소. 현대에 맞는 도서관의 존재를 다시 정의해야 한다고 생각했다"고 말했다.
"덴마크 도서관의 새로운 표준을 만들자"라고 롤프 관장의 리더십 아래, 어린이부터 어른까지 지역 사람들을 끌어 들여 새로운 도서관을 만들기 위해 토론과 워크숍이 반복되었다.
예를 들어 SNS, 기술, 문학의 3가지 전문 분야의 대학생을 초청하여 젊은이들이 도서관에 요청하는 것을 논의한다. 아이들은 "미래의 이상적인 도서관"을 공작 받아, 그 아이디어를 수집합니다. 실제 건설을 하청 위한 공모에 참여하는 건설사에 적어도 하나는 아이들의 아이디어를 건축에 활용하는 것을 의무화했다.
이러한 대화 속에서 다양한 아이디어가 태어나 '스마트시티' 오르후스시의 상징이 되는 시설 늘리기 위해 실제로 기능으로 제공하고있다. 예
예를 들어, 오르후스 자동 대출 · 반납 기계, 스마트폰에 맞춘 온라인 예약 시스템, 주변 지역의 18개 도서관의 장서의 데이터베이스화 등을 실시. 또한 반환된 도서 및 기타 도서관으로 보내 서로 도서의 구분에 '로봇 분류 시스템'을 채용. 또한 100여대의 '자동 주차 시스템'을 도입한 주차장을 부설하는 등 최신 기술을 활용 한 스마트 · 기계화가 진행되고 있다.
또한 '매시업 라이브러리'라는 생각이 걸려 있다. 이것은 책의 대출 이외에도 여권 신청 등의 행정 서비스를 받을 수 있고, 실험실 공간에서 제조할 수 있다는 것이다. 극장과 세미나실, 워크샵 공간에서는 다양한 이벤트에 참여하거나 기획 · 개최하고 있다.
도서관 NPO 등 외부 조직과 협업하면서 제공하는 '숙제 지원' '건강 상담' '비즈니스 지원' 등의 서비스도 있다. 또한 옥상은 홍수 시의 피난 장소로 설계되는 등 지역 주민 · 지역 사회가 다양한 형태로 관계 장소로 디자인되어 있다.
또한 '아이들을 위한, 가족을 위한 도서관''라는 아이디어에서 그림책과 장난감이 갖추어져 있는 어린이놀이터, 자녀 동반끼리 채팅을 즐길 수 있으며, 아기가 울어도 좋은 방음실, 기업가 프로그램 등 어린이를 위한 체험 프로그램을 갖추고 있다. 시내의 병원에서 아기가 태어났을 때 관내에 종소리가 울려 퍼진다는 매력적인 장치도 태어났다.
DOKK1 완성까지 걸린 세월은 무려 17년. 그중 1년은 시민을 비롯한 다양한 이해 관계자와의 대화와 합의 형성에 지출한다.
롤프 관장 및 도서관 회원은 "현대에 맞는 도서관의 존재 의미는?"라고 모두가 공유 할 수 있는 하나의 질문을 내걸고 다양한 사람들을 끌어 들여 이야기를 했다. "어떤 도서관이어야 합니까?"라는 비전 만들기와 그것을 실현하기 위한 구체적인 아이디어의 프로토 타입을 반복한 것이다.
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Rolf Hapel
, Director of Citizens Services and Libraries Aarhus, Denmark질문을 세워 산관학 국민의 테두리를 넘어 다양한 사람들을 끌어 들여 비전을 공유하고 액션을 일으켜 간다. 그런 산관학 민 공창共創의 또 다른 예로는 동일한 덴마크 북 윌란 지역 / 보그시의 노력을 소개하고 싶다.
덴마크, 북 윌란 지역. 올 보르시를 행정부 위치하는 이 지역은 과거 조선업에서 번성했지만, 제2차 세계대전 이후 산업 구조의 변화에 따라 쇠퇴 일로를 걷고 있었다. 시대에 맞는 혁신을 창출 할 수 있는 지역으로 전환할 수 있도록, 지역 모두의 노력이 계속되고 있다.
구체적으로는 기후 변화 영역에 주목했다. '지속 가능한 에너지의 창출'을 중심으로 지역 전체의 가치관 공유 · 산업 육성을 실시하고 있다.
1992년부터 'Aalborg Climate plans'라는 연구 활동을 시작, 2008년부터 2015년까지 'Aalborg Sustainability Strategy' 'Alborg Climate Strategy'라는 전략을 수립. 지역 전체로서의 비전을 제시하면서 "지역의 열 이용(냉난방) 시스템'과 '풍력 발전과 네트워크화'라는 중점 분야의 연구 및 비즈니스 개발을 진행하고 있다.
이러한 노력이 유럽에서 평가되어 2016년 2월에 발표된 EU 전체의 지역 냉난방에 관한 새로운 전략(EU Strategy on Heating and Cooling)는 "덴마크에서 배운다デンマークに学べ '라는 생각에서 올 보르의 연구 성과를 바탕으로 책정되게 되었다.
여기에서 공창共創은 어떤 구조나 시설을 이용하여 이루어지고 있는가? 중심의 하나는 알 보그 대학이다. 약 1만 8000명의 학생이 다니는 덴마크 국내에 2개 있는 공과 대학의 하나이다.
연구원이 지역의 전략에 따른 연구 활동을 진행하고 있고, 학생이 재학 중 현지 기업이나 NPO와의 협동 경험을 쌓고 지역을 담당하는 인재로 졸업 가거나 한다. 또한 주목할 만한 대학의 연구자 · 학생 및 민간 기업이 모이는 'NOVI(북 윌란 과학 단지)'라는 비즈니스 혁신 개발 거점을 갖고있는 것이다.
현지 기업은 물론, 삼성과 노키아 등 글로벌 기업도 연구 기반이 시설을 연구자와 학생들이 자유롭게 활용할 수 있다. 그들과 기업이 교류하는 것이 대학의 연구 성과를 산업계의 가치로 바꾸는 원동력이 되고 있다. 전문의 "중매 담당자"도 있고, 그들이 연구자 · 학생 및 기업과 적극적으로 이어 간다.
뛰어난 아이디어는 NOVI 전용 벤처 캐피털로부터 자금이 제공되는 구조도 만들어져있다. NOVI 소속 교수는 자신의 시간의 80%를 기업 활동에 대고 20%를 연구 활동에 충당하고 있으며, 학생의 창업 지원도 실시한다.
또한 숙박 시설 내에는 '그로스 하우스(Growth House)'라는 공설 컨설턴트 그룹도 입주 해 있다. 소국인 덴마크에서 기업은 항상 글로벌 전개와 수출 확대를 도모하지 않으면 안되지만, 그로스 하우스는 상사 등의 글로벌 비즈니스 경험을 가진 민간 기업 출신 자와 외무성의 담당 직원이 상주하는 조직으로, 중소기업이나 신생 기업에게 해외 진출을 위한 컨설팅 및 자금 지원, 사업 개발 지원 등을 실시하고 있다. 인재 획득 지원 등도 함께 전개. 연간 600개의 기업을 지원하고 500여명의 고용 창출과 수십 명의 고학력 인재의 매칭을 실시하고 있다고 한다.
비전과 가치를 공유하고 하나의 미래를 향해 산관학 국민의 각 조직이 서로의 자원과 아이디어 주고받는 -. 그렇게하고 지역이 새로운 것을 창출하는 키워드로, 알 보그 대학 개발 계획 학부(Department of Development and Planning)의 소렌 켐드롭 (Soeren Kemdrup)교수는 "콰트로 · 헬릭스(Quadro-Helix)" 라는 말을 소개 주었다.
직역하면 "사중 나선" 산 · 관 · 학 · 민 4자가 함께 문제 해결에 상관 함께 혁신을 일으켜 나가는 것을 말한다. 단순한 '연계'가 아니라 '나선'라는 단어를 사용하는 것이 포인트이다. 하나의 중심을 가지면서 나선형으로 얽 히지 하나의 방향으로 전진 상승해 나가는 이미지일까.
소렌 교수는 "지역 혁신의 창출에 있어서는"가치관의 공유(Shared Value)'를 어떻게 구축하고 협력 하느냐가 성공의 관건이다 "무엇이 공동 목표인지를 인식하는 것이 중요하다"고 말했다. "단지 기업이 지역에 오는 것만으로는 의미가 없고, 지자체와 시민이 어떻게 관계를 만들까, 행정 · 기업뿐만 아니라 시민이 참여하거나 어린이에 대한 교육 활동을 실시해가는 것도 매우 중요하다."
이 지역에 어떤 산업을 키우거나 이 지역에 어떤 미래를 그리고 싶다거나, 비전과 가치를 산관학 민에 대화하면서 공유하고 각각의 강점과 개성을 살려 작업을 진행시켜 나간다. 그렇게 함으로써 지역 주민들에게 지지를 세계로부터도 평가되는 독특한 도서관과 새로운 정책 · 산업이 탄생한다. 덴마크 '콰트로 헤릭스'를 의식한 프로젝트의 진행 방식 · 근무 형태에 배우는 것은 많은 것이 아닐까.
출처 http://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/189345
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https://dokk1.dk
영상 참고: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jc1NWlkp1Vk
건립과정을 보여주는 영상 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXJ5vSmzDy8
슬라이드 쇼
https://www.slideshare.net/KnudSchulz/dokk1-public-innovation-space-october-2015
출처
http://www.urbanmediaspace.dk/sites/default/files/pdf/uk_ums_haefte_2015.pdf
Building gross floor area: 28,000 sq.m. »
Library and Citizens’ Services: approx. 17,500 sq.m. »
Area to let: 10,500 sq.m. »
Arrivals centre: 500 sq.m. »
Technical installations, depots etc.: 4,000 sq.m. »
Basement: Capacious with space for automated parking system for 1,000 cars »
Covered outdoor area under the building: 10,500 sq.m. »
No. of expected visitors per day: 3,500 »
No. of parking spaces: 1,000 »
No. of bicycle parking spaces: 500 »
Total construction sum: Approx. DKK 2 billion
주석1: Dokk1은 오르후스 시의 내항을 산업시설과 선착장이 있던 곳에서 도시 공간으로 바꾸는 과정에서 만들어진 프로젝트 결과물.
PROJECT PLAYERS schmidt hammer lassen architects are the architects and coordinating contractor for the project, and are working with Arkitekt Kristine Jensens Tegnestue and Alectia A/S as sub-consultants. Rambøll Denmark is the client consultant on the project.
PROJECT CONCLUSION Dokk1 and the car park opened in June 2015, while the urban waterfront will be completed in 2016. The final paving along the light railway will be laid in 2017.
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Dokk1 and the new urban waterfront are part of the Urban Mediaspace Aarhus project, the largest construction project ever undertaken by the City of Aarhus. The purpose of the project is to transform the Aarhus Inner Harbour from an industrial and ferry port to an urban space. Through closer integration between the city and the water, the project will come to greatly influence both the port areas and life in the city of Aarhus. The area is close to Aarhus city centre, the cathedral, the pedestrian shopping streets and the river milieu.
The Urban Mediaspace Aarhus project includes Dokk1, the main library and the municipal Citizens’ Services department, a fully automated parking system with space for 1,000 cars, three new urban waterfront areas, new infrastructure, preparations for a new light railway, the opening-up of the last stretch of the river Aarhus Å and climate protection of the city centre. Through the creation of a number of new squares and recreational areas, Dokk1 and traffic re-routeing, the area is destined to become a diverse and active multi-functional urban space.
The project is being carried out in partnership with Realdania and Realdania Byg, which are involved in establishing the open spaces along the waterfront and the automated car park.
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WHAT IS DOKK1
Dokk1 houses the main library and the Citizens’ Services department in Aarhus. Dokk1 is designed as the library of the future; the relocation of the existing main library at Mølleparken will thus involve both expansion and development.
Dokk1 has numerous facilities for social activities, association activities and networking. With its project rooms, study cells, media, café, teaching rooms, halls, activity and multi-functional spaces and not least its many informal open areas, the building is a flexible and dynamic sanctuary for everyone in search of knowledge, inspiration, and personal development, i.e. an open and accessible learning environment promoting democracy and a sense of community.
Dokk1 provides access to differentiated knowledge as well as the latest media solutions, and accommodates in-depth study as well as a variety of activities and forms of expression.
NAME OF BUILDING In autumn 2012, we initiated a process to find a name for the building. Suggestions were submitted by hundreds of citizens, partners and employees. Based on 1,250 suggestions, the panel of judges chose the name Dokk1. Among other things, the panel emphasised the fact that Dokk1 says something about the location of the building in the context of the city, while also providing food for thought.
Dokk1이라는 이름은 도시의 컨텍스트 안에서 빌딩의 위치뿐만 아니라 마음(생각)의 양식을 제공한다는 뜻도 포함하고 있다. 1,250개의 제안이 있었고, 그 가운데서 결정한 것. 2012년 가을에 결정했다.
“It conjures up associations of the harbour and life there. At the same time, the name refers to a place where we can be recharged [it is pronounced ’dock it’ in Danish] and connect to the world at large.
Moreover, the name is simple, idiomatic and clever at the same time.” The various ways of pronouncing the name may be slightly confusing: [dokken], [dok én], [dok ét]. However, in true democratic spirit, all the pronounciations are considered to be correct. On the other hand, there is only one correct way of spelling the name: Dokk1.
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DOKK1 – ARCHITECTURE
Dokk1 is not just a building. It is a place for exchanging knowledge and a place of opportunity, a cultural meeting place which fundamentally changes people’s perception not only of the square Europaplads and the harbour, but of the entire city.
Openness and 360-degree contact with the city are the words that best describe the Dokk1 design. Dokk1’s entirely open façade intentionally connects the interior with the exterior, ensuring close integration with its surroundings – modern city life, the historical city centre, the industrial port, the great expanse of the bay, and the horizon.
The square Europaplads extends all the way under the building, producing a covered outdoor arrivals and transit area with a completely unique character. Here, travellers meet in a large dynamic space with uninterrupted views of the river, the water, the city and the new waterfront.
Large sculptural stairs connect the level above with the promenade along the river and the waterfront, inextricably linking the building and the city. At the same time, ascending to the outdoor area at level 01, visitors can enjoy the truly magnificent views of the vast urban waterfront areas and the horizon beyond.
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PLAYGROUND
FACTS » The Salling foundations have donated DKK 7 million towards the construction of the play facilities. »
The Danish company Monstrum has designed and built the play area. »
In designing the play area, giving children with special needs or disabled children the opportunity to join in has been a key priority.
The Playground is Dokk1’s first-class playground at first-floor level. The playground occupies the expansive outdoor deck encircling Dokk1 seven metres above ground.
Here, you can meet the Bear, the White-tailed Eagle, the Chinese Dragon and the Monkey – when not leaping from ice floe to ice floe. The playground consists of five primary play areas, each representing a continent and designed for different types of play.
Depending on the direction you take, new experiences await. A round-the-world expedition is marked in the deck, connecting the five areas and spiced with stories and fun facts. The playground is designed for all the family as a place where children and adults can play together.
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CORE VALUES
Dokk1 is the city’s knowledge and cultural centre. Through involving citizens, users, networks, employees and politicians, seven core values have been developed for Dokk1:
» The citizen as key factor
» Life-long learning and a sense of community
» Diversity, cooperation and networking
» Culture and events
» Bridge-building between citizens, technology and knowledge
» Flexible and professional organisation
» Sustainable icon for Aarhus
The seven core values have been adopted by the Aarhus City Council.
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AUTOMATED PARKING FACILITY
FACTS
» The car park has been constructed by the City of Aarhus and Realdania Byg in partnership.
» Following completion, Realdania Byg has taken over ownership of the automated parking system.
» Securitas is responsible for running the facility.
» The system has been supplied by the German company Lödige Systems GmbH.
A key part of Urban Mediaspace Aarhus is an innovative and fully automated parking facility with 1,000 parking spaces. Here, you leave your vehicle in a light and pleasant terminal with views of the bay, after which it is mechanically conveyed to an empty slot underground. Architecturally, parking should be a carefully conceived quality experience. Thanks to its fully automated solution, the car park will be the largest and most advanced automated parking system in Europe.
The parking terminals where drivers leave and collect their cars are an integrated part of the building’s substructure. Light and transparent, the terminals are positioned on an esplanade running down towards the water. You drive your car into a box, and it disappears into the ground. You are then free to ascend up into the building or venture out into the city. When you come to pick up your car, it is brought up to you.
The automated parking facility represents an investment in a thriving city life, as well as a high quality of life in Aarhus. It replaces a large number of conventional parking spaces along the streets and in the squares, freeing up space for other pursuits. The facility is intended to inspire new parking solutions which are well integrated with the city and provide a high-quality experience for users.
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The architectural and spatial experience of the water indentation in the cathedral axis, Hack Kampmanns Plads and the Harbour Square is key to the unique quality of the area. Views of the water and the Bay of Aarhus can be enjoyed from Skolegyde. The squares unfold, each with their own distinctive paving, an invitation to use the new and versatile urban waterfront for events, physical activities, play and recreation
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WATERFRONT AND URBAN SPACES – ARCHITECTURE
The new urban waterfront is a gateway to new ways of experiencing the bay, the harbour and the water. The central urban waterfront stretches from the river Aarhus Å and Mindet to the Nørreport intersection to the north and is bounded by Kystvejen. The sense of coherence envisaged in the master plan is created by an extensive paved area – the city floor – stretching from the urban front across Kystvejen and the light rail tracks and all the way to the waterfront.
Three new spaces emerge, each with its own unique character and functionality: the dynamic transit area Europaplads, which extends underneath Dokk1; the open square Hack Kampmanns Plads near Toldboden with its historical buildings; and last but not least the Harbour Square, an asphalted area suited for all manner of activities and events. Expansive open spaces at staggered levels stretch towards the water, establishing large south-facing terraces. From there, you can walk barefoot right down to and out into the water. A new and vibrant scene is created at the beautiful and atmospheric urban waterfront which lends itself perfectly to all kinds of recreational activities.
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THE HARBOUR SQUARE
PAVINGS As a uniting feature, the paving of the various open spaces and squares brings together the new urban waterfront. Expansive, pale concrete surfaces on the City Floor, inviting pale granite on the open recreational levels and dark asphalt on the Harbour Square. The materials’ graphic and tactile finish creates a poetic and changeable grading between light and dark, between reflections and shadows. The paving materials range from black to white, from solid to liquid.
The new Harbour Square is a large, flexible and open space designed for different types of activities, fun and games. To the east, the Harbour Square features large steps which can be used for spectating or seating. A landing stage is established at the foot of the steps, making it easy to get ashore from kayaks, canoes or rowing boats. The Harbour Square is designed for different types of activities and events, depending on the time of year. It accommodates spontaneous activities like street skating, street performances and ball games as well as special seasonal activities such as beach bars or Christmas markets and very large events such as concerts, markets or tournaments.
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ART
THE GONG The Gong by Kirstine Roepstorff is a 7.5-metre-long tubular bell suspended from the skylight above the media ramp. From the maternity ward at Aarhus University Hospital, new parents can activate a hammer which is mounted on the gong. The sound from the gong can be heard in the area around the media ramp.
MAGIC MUSHROOMS Magic Mushrooms by the art duo Elmgreen & Dragset is a large work of art adorning the underside of the media ramp at level 0. The work takes the form of a city in reverse. Visitors experience the work as they move under the building.
POSEIDON Poseidon by the group of artists ’A Kassen’ is an outdoor bronze sculpture for the new urban waterfront. The work is created by pouring liquid bronze into the harbour basin. As the bronze solidifies, an unpredictable dynamic and abstract sculpture is created.
A sum corresponding to 1% of the total construction budget has been earmarked for works of art – to be installed both inside Dokk1 as well as in the open outdoor spaces. The art budget totals approx. 17 million Danish kroner. The success criteria for the art are: » The works of art must be integrated into the project. The art must stimulate and supplement the architecture of the building and the open outdoor spaces in engaging and surprising ways. » The works of art must be of such a high standard as to attract visitors in their own right. » The works must be contemporary art of a high quality. In cooperation with the architects, a number of sites around the building have been identified as being particularly suited for integrating art. In cooperation with the City of Aarhus’s Committee for Visual Arts, a number of calls have been advertised inviting artists to submit proposals.
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CLIMATE CHANGE PROTECTION
To protect the city centre along the river Aarhus Å from future flooding as a result of global climate changes, climate change protection is an integral part of the project. The measures include the installation of lock gates and also a pumping station at the mouth of the river, as well as a high-water barrier between Dokk1 and Skolegyde.
At normal water levels, the gates are open. At extreme water levels, the gates can be closed to prevent the water from the bay from running up the river and flooding the city centre. At the same time, integrated pumps ensure that the water from the river is pumped out into the harbour basin, thereby ensuring that the river does not burst its banks.
A high-water barrier has been created by raising Dokk1 and the traffic corridor between Europaplads and Skolegyde (light rail tracks and road) to an elevation of 2.5. This means that the whole area – and thereby the city centre – is protected against tidal surges of up to 2.5 metres above normal water level.
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ACCESSIBILITY
Free and equal access for everybody is a key element. All design principles and solutions have therefore been developed with this in mind.
Both inside Dokk1, in the outdoor spaces and in the parking facility, focus has been on accessibility, access conditions, wayfinding, patterns of movement, planting, security, functional aids, rest stations, lighting etc.
An accessibility consultant has been involved throughout the project period, who has regularly assessed the solutions and advised on solutions and alternatives.
Particular focus has been given to the visually impaired, the hard of hearing, wheelchair users, people with walking difficulties, people with allergies, dyslexics and persons with cognitive impairments.
It is the ambition of the City of Aarhus to ensure accessibility, both in the conventional physical sense and when it comes to access to information and communication
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SUSTAINABILITY
Environmentally sound project engineering has ensured a strong focus on sustainability and the environment. This has included a focus on reducing energy consumption, both during construction and in the life of the building, on the reuse of existing materials, on the use of natural products, and on protecting the local environment.
Dokk1 has been built according to the low-energy building ’Class 2015’ standard. Sustainability has been a focal point, both in the architectural design and in the choice of technical solutions. Energy optimisation has been achieved, among other things, through the installation of a large solar cell system on the roof of Dokk1 and through the use of seawater cooling.
Also, the compactness of the building and the resulting smaller surface area help to reduce thermal loss. The sizing and relative positions of the various levels have been designed to create natural shade, thereby minimising resource consumption.
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USER INVOLVEMENT
Only by involving future users and important players is it possible to create a new urban waterfront and a building of enduring appeal to citizens.
Based on the Aarhus model for citizen involvement, account has been taken of the intended use by citizens, their ideas and wishes, thereby giving them a say throughout the development process and in the final project.
Citizens, networks, employees and partners are all key users of Dokk1 and the new urban waterfront. Taking future users as its starting point, the project has been strengthened through continuous involvement processes.
Importantly, the potential scope for influencing the project has been made very clear, and the user involvement processes have been timed to coincide with phases in the project which have allowed genuine influence. Dokk1 and the new urban waterfront will be known as a place for unique cooperation – in the development phase, during construction and following project completion.
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DOKK1 AND THE URBAN WATERFRONT City of Aarhus 2015 ISBN: 978-87-89860-15-2 Read more about the project at www.urbanmediaspace.dk If you have questions or comments please contact the project secretariat at: urbanmediaspace@aarhus.dk Plans, sketches and visualisations: schmidt hammer lassen architects and Architect Kristine Jensens Tegnestue Layout and translation: ITC Design