가족을 중심으로 하는 친밀권이 그것을 둘러싸는 공공권과의 관계 속에서 지금 바로 어떻게 재편성되려고 하고 있는가? 그러한 부분에 대하여 지금, 여기의 동향을 살피고, 21세기 사회의 전망에 연결시켜 가는 것. 이것은 현재 활발하게 전개되고 있는 '북스타트'와 매우 긴밀하게 연계되어 있는 연구과제일 것이다. 바라건대, 북스타트, 특히 '찾아가는 북스타트'의 활동과 연구활동이 병행되었으면 좋겠다. 한부모가족, 다문화가정, 조손가정의 다양한 양태와 그 지역적 특성들과 함께 그 해결 방안이 벌써 '찾아가는 북스타트'를 통해 많
은 이야기가 쏟아져나오고 있다.
COE의 연구는 특히 정책 부분에서는 동아시아에서의 친밀권과 공공권의 변용을 정책변화의 관점에서 분석해 가는 것을 중심 테마로 하고 있다. 구체적으로는, 사회보장정책, 가족정책, 노동시장정책에 대해서, 공업화와 민주화를 경험한 각국 (혹은 그것에 준하는 지역)을 중심으로 오늘 공업화에 의해 급격한 사회변화를 경험하고 있는 중국 등도 시야에 넣고, 개별적/구체적 정책전개와 상호의 관계성을 조사하고, 최종적으로는 국경을 넘은 시민권, 시민사회의 가능성을 탐구하려고 하고 있다.
The problems of low fertility and population aging have been the subject of public discussion in many places in the world for a long time, but workable solutions have yet to appear, let alone be implemented. This fact reveals the reality that the social sciences today lack a theoretical framework and methodology to correctly analyze the dramatic transformation – according to some, a crisis – in the family and private life in the world today. The various transformations cannot be explained as simply the result of a decline in morality or the failure of policies; rather, the arrival of high modernity and globalization have fundamentally changed the nature of the reproduction of human ways of life, of birth and death, and of the life course. To understand these changes, there is an urgent need to develop methodologies for social science that can deal with them directly and in their entirety. The transformation of private life is closely related to structural transformations that include: the economic changes which bring into being the working poor; large-scale cross-border migration (diaspora); the construction of the welfare state and its decline; and changes in citizenship.
This Center of Excellence will be established to fulfill the following objectives:
(1) based on an understanding of the total social transformation taking place today as the reframing of the intimate and public spheres, to pioneer a new academic discipline, based the synthesis of sociology and the other related social sciences, to analyze and interpret this phenomenon and to apply its findings to practical policy proposals; and (2) to train and educate a pool of experts who will be the pioneers in this discipline.
The research activities of the COE will focus particularly on the issues common to East Asia such as the “lowest low fertility,” rapid population aging, the limitations of the familistic welfare regime, and the feminization of cross-border migration. Numerous collaborative research projects will be carried out by the COE with researchers in the Overseas Satellite Centers in Asia and Europe/North America, and the COE will provide policy recommendations that will assist in the reconstruction of the intimate and public spheres to sustain life and human reproduction in Asian societies in the 21st century.
Training and educational activities will include the creation of interdisciplinary educational programs, graduate programs through international cooperation with Overseas Satellite Centers, and internships with governmental organizations, nonprofit organizations, and NGOs inside and outside Japan. Through these programs the COE will foster a pool of experts, expert in both Asian and Western perspectives and deeply knowledgeable about conditions in Asia and the international community, who will work all over the world, in academics, government, and media, to address the issues related to the reframing of the intimate and public spheres that are in such urgent need of attention.
This regular exchange of students and faculty with Overseas Satellite Centers will serve as an experimental program called the Asian Erasmus Pilot Programme, aimed at creating an Asian version of the EU Erasmus Programme of large-scale educational exchange. One result of these programs will involve the creation of an international network for the next generation of researchers in the social sciences in Asia. Another result will be the construction of a common intellectual basis for further collaboration and mutual understanding in this area. The establishment of the COE will have a profound and long-standing impact on the future of Asia.
1) Describe the disciplines to be covered by the proposed COE. Be concise and specific.
The proposed COE, taking a primarily sociological approach, will work to synthesize and integrate research on society at the highest level. The members of the COE are active in the various fields of sociology as well as in related fields, as listed below:
Sociology, strictly defined: theoretical sociology, sociology of the family, sociology of education, rural/urban sociology, cultural sociology, sociology of knowledge, economic sociology, sociology of information technology, sociology of emotion, and other fields.
Related areas: cultural anthropology, area studies, political science, economics, agricultural economics, history of education, gender studies.
2) Describe the proposed research activities and how their implementation will create a top world-level research hub capable of pioneering novel scientific disciplines. Describe also the concepts, objectives and direction of your plan for establishing the COE, and explain why its establishment is needed.
Necessity to pioneer a new scientific discipline
The dramatic transformations taking place in the family and private life today transcend national boundaries. The conspicuous decrease in fertility taking place throughout East Asia, including Japan, is both a cause and a result of these changes. The rapid spread of globalization and neo-liberal ideology has resulted in the disruption of families through unemployment and unstable job conditions on one hand and long labor hours on the other. A shortage in care services in the societies with an already aged population structure induces the transnational migration of women as domestic and care workers as well as marriage partners, creating a considerable impact on the family life in both the sending and receiving societies. All these changes necessitate a fundamental rethinking of the framework of the welfare state and the citizenship regime. In short, this transformation now taking place in the reproduction of human life, unparalleled in human history, extends from the daily life of individuals to global systems. There is therefore an urgent need to pioneer new scientific disciplines in order, through collaborative, interdisciplinary sociological research, to better explain the trends in the reframing of the intimate and public spheres.
Objectives in establishing the COE
In this age of the historically unprecedented transformation of the reproduction of human life – a seismic shift which may even threaten the continued existence of humanity – the COE will fill an essential role.
(1) First, through the collaboration of experts in the various fields of sociology and related areas, it will pioneer novel scientific disciplines devoted to understanding the reframing of the intimate and public spheres, and provide practical policy proposals concerning relevant issues.
(3) Second, it will support the education and training of the specialists who will carry on this essential research. These experts and specialists will serve not only in academic positions but also in governmental agencies and the media in Japan and abroad, non-profit organizations and NGOs, and other organizations.
(3) In particular, as an Asian COE located in Japan, the COE will be dedicated to making possible the construction of a uniquely Asian analytical framework, while educating experts able to provide policy proposals from an Asian perspective. In carrying out these research and educational functions, the creation of this COE ultimately has the important and practical long-term objective of constructing a paradigm for mutual understanding which can provide a basis for the stability and development of Asia in the future, as well as developing an ever-growing international network of researchers.
How to create a top world-level research hub
The research activities and cultivation of expertise will be based on the maximum application of the following three principles.
(1) Interdisciplinary synthesis of the branches of sociology and related areas
Since the transformation of private life is closely related to structural transformations in the public sphere, the new discipline must be built on an interdisciplinary synthesis of various branches of sociology and related areas.
The COE includes many research experts of Kyoto University of worldwide prominence in the fields of the family and gender, as shown in Section 3) of this proposal.
Some have conducted policy planning and investigative research for governmental committees, the United Nations, and other organizations. Other members of the COE are active in fields concerned with the public domain, including social policy, transnational migration, business organization, education, and area studies, as also shown in Section 3). The members of the COE have formed a closely-linked network called the Kyoto University Sociology Ring and collaborated in both education and research activities since 2002. The establishment of the COE will strengthen the link and create a higher level of interdisciplinary synthesis.
(2) A global network with Satellite Centers outside Japan
The COE will enact and carry out educational and research plans with Overseas Satellite Centers, which are universities and research organizations outside of Japan with a substantial record of successful collaborative research and research exchange with the members of the COE. In order to cultivate researchers with expertise in both Asian and European-North American perspectives, Overseas Centers will be created in Asia and in Europe and America as well. Partnership agreements are currently being made with eight universities (Seoul National University, National Taiwan University, Chulalongkorn University, Delhi University, University of Toronto, Strasbourg University, the University of Jyväskylä, and Stockholm University). The partnership with Overseas Satellite Centers will promote an innovative, experimental plan known as the “Asian Erasmus Pilot Programme,” as a precursor to the long-term aim of creating an Asian version of the Erasmus Programme, a European Union large-scale educational exchange program founded on partnerships between countries.
(3) Integrating academic work with society
The COE, with its mission of providing practical policy proposals, will cooperate in educational and research activities with international organizations such as the United Nations, central and regional governmental entities in Japan, the media, and nonprofit organizations and NGOs inside and outside Japan. The COE will manage student internships with those institutions as well as conduct graduate-level training for members of such organizations.
3) What are the most compelling reasons for establishing this COE in Japan? How can its program be expanded in the future? What makes the proposed COE exceptional and unique when compared to other education/research centers in Japan and overseas? Describe based on international standards, and use concrete examples in your comparison.
The construction of a common understanding throughout Asia
While the transformation of the intimate and public spheres is a worldwide issue, it also takes a unique form in Asia (by “Asia” we mean the regions of east, southeast, and south Asia). Elements characteristic of the transformation in Asia include an extremely low fertility rate (Total Fertility Rate or TFR<1.3); a rapidly aging population structure (The situation Chinese scholars call “aging before affluence”); undeveloped or developing welfare states; the limits imposed by “familism” based on a belief that care should be provided by the family; and the feminization of transnational migration in response to the care crisis in economically advanced areas. The common characteristics in some cases arise from similar cultural backgrounds, but more often they are the outcomes of similar historical and social conditions created by “compressed modernity” (Chang Kyung-Sup). Despite these commonalities, the development of an analytical framework rooted in these regional characteristics has been late in coming. Reasons for this include inadequate exchange between researchers in the social sciences based in Asia, as well as the traditional predominance of theories originating in Europe and America. The construction of a common understanding throughout Asia is needed.
The importance and potential of this program as a COE in Japan
In Japan, where modernization took place a little ahead of the other regions of Asia, researchers in the social sciences have explored issues relevant to the region based on the idea of “Japanese particularity” for decades. Now the question has transformed from “Japanese particularity” to “multiple modernity.” The social sciences in Japan are thus in a position to utilize their accumulated knowledge in the development of an Asia-specific theoretical framework.
Research on the intimate sphere, the central concern of this program, requires an understanding of the common features as well as the diversity of the traditions of Asian families, which differ from those of the West. Many of the researchers involved in this COE were instrumental in bringing about the “paradigm shift” in research on the family which took place in Japan from the 1980s onward. Based on the history and traditional practices of the Japanese family, they proposed a variety of frameworks for analyzing its transformation in modern and contemporary times. Their findings were translated into English, Korean, Chinese, Thai, and other languages, and some scholars in these countries, referring to these findings, created similar theoretical frameworks (See Section 3) of this proposal). This COE is therefore in an excellent position to build on its accumulated research on the Japanese family to develop a specifically Asian framework for research.
The uniqueness of this COE compared to other centers
Kyoto University has been a center of family sociology in Japan for decades and a number of important researchers in this field were trained in its graduate school. They cultivated their knowledge and ideas through participating in the field research that was a strong tradition of this university. Ane-katoku (absolute primogeniture regardless of sex) practice was a well-known phenomenon discovered and studied by sociologists at this school. Sociologists and social anthropologists were trained together in this tradition and cross-cultural comparison has become a typical methodology. The concepts of kazoku ken (family circle) and yashikichi kyōjū shūdan (compound family) were developed by social anthropologists of Kyoto University who worked in the fields of Southeast Asia. Sociologists affiliated with Kyoto University have contributed to the conceptualization of Asian and Japanese family traditions. This COE is to be established directly on this intellectual foundation, incorporating other aspects of family research in Kyoto University such as historical sociology of the family and contemporary and historical demography (See Section 3 of this proposal).
Thus, the uniqueness of this COE lies, firstly, in the methodology emphasizing cross-cultural comparison, based on rich and dense empirical field study, and secondly, in the use of a framework synthesizing the multiple approaches to the family and the intimate sphere. The third point to emphasize is the synthesis of the various fields of sociology and related areas as already mentioned. There are a number of distinguished centers of family research in Japan and overseas. However, most of them are known to be strongest in demographic research and quantitative studies and relatively weak in historical and cultural approaches. This COE, rooted in the tradition of the family studies of Kyoto University, is in a good position to create a specifically Asian framework.
3. Plan for research activities
1) Describe the concrete objectives that the research activities are expected to achieve.
Through interdisciplinary collaboration, the COE will pioneer novel scientific disciplines devoted to analyzing and understanding the contemporary, worldwide reframing of the intimate and public spheres, and provide practical policy proposals concerning the relevant issues. The COE will focus on the common problems faced in Asia and contribute to the creation of a system of collaborative academic research and the development of an Asia-specific theoretical framework. Specifically:
(1) Editing and Publication of The Family and the Intimate Sphere in Asia : The COE will compile and publish a collection of important academic works of family research and related subjects in Asia to share major outcomes and concepts of existing research done in different countries and written in different languages. This will be published in Japanese and English with a detailed glossary of original terms in the original languages to make it possible for researchers on Asia to share Asia-specific concepts and analytical frameworks.
(2) International collaborative research projects: Individual researchers or groups of researchers will plan and carry out international collaborative projects in cooperation with researchers from Overseas Satellite Centers.
(3) International symposiums: International symposiums will be held every year to deepen international discussion and debate on essential issues arisen from collaborative projects, while developing an ever-growing international network of researchers.
(4) International workshops for younger researchers: International workshops for younger researchers will be held every year to receive feedback from senior researchers from various countries. Yearly workshops will also provide a chance for creating joint research proposals by younger researchers from different countries.
(5) The Asian Center for Research on the Family and the Intimate Sphere: The Asian Center for the Research on the Family and the Intimate Sphere will be established to serve as a base for sustained international collaborative research and the network of researchers of Asia created by the activities of the Program.
2) Describe your plan and method for achieving the above objectives. The plan should include answers to the following questions.
i) How you will create an international COE. (Examples: by building international networks, by employing/inviting excellent researchers, by conducting international exchanges of graduate students and/or younger researchers, by collaborating with overseas research institutes, by proactively disseminating project-related information internationally)
I. Formation of a global network and international collaborative research
The creation of Overseas Satellite Centers: Collaborative research and faculty and student exchange will be conducted through overseas universities and research institutions with outstanding records of achievement in such activities with the members of the COE. Centers will be established in many areas in Asia, but to cultivate researchers with expertise in both Asian and European-North American perspectives, exchange with European and North American regions will also be systematized through the creation of Overseas Satellite Centers in these regions. A student participating in this program will be recommended to study at both one Asian and one European or North American university (Triangle education).
International collaborative research projects: Individual researchers or groups of researchers will plan and carry out international collaborative projects in cooperation with researchers from Overseas Satellite Centers. The COE researchers, working with researchers in Overseas Satellite Centers, will create joint proposals, which will be selected and approved by an Evaluation Committee made up of the Governing Committee of the COE and the members of the Advisory Committee. The presence of a certain number of younger researchers from Japan and abroad will be required, with strong preference being given to projects created by the initiative of such researchers.
Examples of research themes are: “Transnational Migration of Care Workers and its Effect on Families”; “Unstable Employment and Family Formation”; “Housewifization and De-Housewifization”; “The Reproductive and Civil Rights of Immigrants”; “Sexuality and Marriage”; “Domestic Work and Care Work”; “The Diversity of Traditional Asian Families”; “Welfare Regimes and Fertility Decline”; “Transformation and Reconstruction of the Community.”
Editing and Publication of The Family and the Intimate Sphere in Asia : The COE will compile and publish a collection of important academic works of family research and related subjects in Asia to share major outcomes and concepts of existing research done in different countries and written in different languages, for the purpose of cultivating experts who take an Asian viewpoint and have a common familiarity with Asian concepts and analytical frameworks. An Editing Committee will be created with representatives from all Overseas Satellite Centers in Asia. The collection will be published in Japanese and English with a detailed glossary of original terms in the original languages.
International symposiums: International symposiums will be held every year to deepen international discussion and debate on essential issues arisen from collaborative projects, while developing an ever-growing international network of researchers.
International workshops for younger researchers: International workshops for younger researchers will be held every year in order for these researchers to receive guidance from senior researchers from various countries. Yearly workshops will also provide a chance for creating joint research proposals by younger researchers from different countries.
Employment and research residencies of prominent researchers from Japan and abroad: The COE will conduct cooperative research through the employment and hosting of prominent researchers from Japan and abroad as visiting faculty, COE faculty, and COE research associates. COE faculty, as well as participating in teaching and international collaborative research projects, will be involved in the editing of The Family and the Intimate Sphere in Asia.
Supporting open-application research projects for younger researchers: The COE will recruit talented younger researchers inside and outside Japan and this University to work on relevant topics. Successful candidates will be selected by an Evaluation Committee made up of the members of the Governing Committee and the Advisory Committee. Successful candidates from outside the University will be able to participate in research projects of the COE.
Multilingual publication of research results: Research results will be presented in reports co-authored by COE and Overseas Center researchers. Standard procedure will be to publish research results in English and Japanese with a detailed glossary of original terms in the original languages. Translations will primarily be produced by RAs (Research Assistants) and COE researchers as part of their research responsibilities.
ii) What system will you use to facilitate cooperation and communication among all the participating members of the COE? How will the system enable the members to fully contribute to the COE’s establishment and operation?
II. Interdisciplinary, collaborative research by 5 research teams
5 research teams: Research will be conducted by five research teams focusing on: theoretical research, field research, quantitative research, historical research, and policy research. All project leaders, COE researchers, and graduate students, regardless of their departmental affiliation, will conduct interdisciplinary collaborative research, participating in research teams based on their personal research interests.
Relationship between research teams: The theoretical research team will deal with theoretical issues concerning the intimate and public spheres. The theoretical ground thus created will be the foundation for the field research, quantitative and historical research teams, which will conduct empirical research investigating the intimate and public spheres from various angles. The policy research team will recommend practical measures to take based on the theoretical and empirical findings of the other teams.
Promoting a balance between research and personal life: As part of its research activity, the COE will create and offer programs to help younger researchers achieve a balance between research and childcare and personal life. These programs will be developed in collaboration with the Center for Women Researchers of Kyoto University.
3) Summarize the results of the members’ research activities that are pertinent to establishing a world-class COE.
a) List their major research achievements that characterize the COE and give it international appeal.
Research on the historical transformation of the family and intimate sphere
The first work that should be mentioned in discussing the historical achievements of this COE in research on the family and the intimate sphere in Asia is Koyama Shizuko’s Ryōsai kenbo to iu kihan (The norm of “good wife, wise mother”; 1991), which showed that the social standard of “good wife, wise mother” was a construct of modern Asian gender ideology under the influence of western ideology. Koyama’s findings concerning Japan were later examined in other Asian countries like Korea, China, and Thailand and became accepted as standard in the field of gender studies in modern Asia. Inagaki Kyōko’s research on the culture of female students used a social history approach to shed light on and explain conditions in Japan during the period when modern gender ideology began to permeate society. Oshikawa Fumiko examined the transformation and reinforcement of traditional family and gender norms in modern and contemporary India. Itō Kimio conducted groundbreaking research on modern norms of masculinity, with his Introduction to Masculinity (1997) also published in Korean.
“Modern gender ideology” is a set of gender norms conceptualized by Ochiai Emiko in The Modern Family and Feminism (1989). After finishing the theoretical research for this book, Ochiai went on to analyze the formation of the Japanese form of the modern family between the Taishō period (1912-1926) and the post-World War II period. Her work Toward the 21st Century Family (1994, 1997, 2004) used demographic analysis to explain the formation of the modern family in Japan’s stem-family society. Her methodology has influenced younger researchers and graduate students in Asia, Europe, and North America through translations into English and Korean, and Ochiai has lectured on this theme at seven of the universities planned as Overseas Satellite Centers.
Ochiai also conducts international comparative research on the family and intimate sphere prior to modernity. For this research, which uses the quantitative methodology of historical demography, she participated in the Eurasia Project, which conducted international collaborative research using database analysis of demographic records from Japan, China, Sweden, Belgium, and Italy. This project received support from the Japan Ministry of Education, Science, Sport, and Culture (Grant-in-Aid for Creative Basic Research). The results of this international collaborative research were published in Life Under Pressure (Bengtsson et al. eds., 2004), which received the Outstanding Book on Asia Award from the American Sociological Society. Ochiai currently conducts historical demographic comparative analysis jointly with Prof. Eun Ki-Soo and others in Seoul National University, one of the planned Overseas Satellite Centers for this project.
Research on the contemporary family and intimate sphere
Also representative of this Center’s achievements is the work of Iwai Hachirō, who elucidated the characteristics of the modern Japanese family and intimate sphere using the method of life course analysis. Iwai played a leading role in two large-scale national research projects, and demonstrated that the specifically Japanese characteristics of the women’s M-curve employment pattern and the status of elderly members of society became clearer in the 1970s. He has also conducted collaborative research employing the method of life course analysis with the Max Planck Institute and Yale University, and is involved in comparative Asian studies in conjunction with researchers in Korea and Taiwan.
Oshikawa and Ochiai have conducted comparative research with graduate students on the changes in family and gender in contemporary Asia, in cooperation with Prof. Brij Tankha of the University of Delhi and Prof. Kua Wongboonsin of Chulalongkorn University (the planned Overseas Satellite Centers); the regions covered in the study include China, Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Taiwan, India, and Indonesia. One conclusion of this research, which focused on social networks for care service, was that Japan’s network for childcare and care of the elderly is markedly underdeveloped. This was shown to be linked with the distinctly Japanese M-curve labor force participation pattern of women that had been demonstrated by Iwai. The results of this research have been presented and well-received at international conferences (IIS, Women’s World, etc.), and an English version of the study is in press (Ochiai and Molony, 2008, forthcoming).
A discussion of the intimate sphere in the present day cannot ignore the issue of cross-border migration. The research of Takezawa Yasuko on people of Japanese descent living in the Americas is one of the outstanding contributions from this COE to research on this theme. Field studies on cross-border migration in various parts of Asia have also been conducted by Oshikawa and Ochiai in recent years.
Research on the reframing of the family and intimate sphere
The intimate sphere is strongly influenced by the public sphere – for instance, the degree to which the economy is a market economy or the forms of social institutions. Shinkawa Toshimitsu has analyzed the Japanese-type welfare state model in an international comparative perspective, and conducted collaborative research with Prof. Ito Peng of Toronto University. Itō Kimio and Ochiai are engaged in research projects on gender and family policy which takes an international comparative perspective, working with Prof. Eun Ki-Soo of Seoul National University. These projects compare Japan, Korea, Italy, Spain, Germany, and other countries to seek the cause of the lowest low fertility in these countries. The study emphasizes the “familistic” policies of the Japanese government during the watershed period of the 1970s, again as discussed by Iwai. Ochiai and Peng have recently begun working on a United Nations study which makes an international comparison of paid and unpaid care work.
Matsuda Motoji’s field studies on urban society in Asia and Africa have focused on the dynamic creative process of the reproduction of communities, looking at the case of the creation of quasi-families. The reproduction of communities is a phenomenon also observed in Internet communities (as studied by Yoshida Jun), business communities (Wakabayashi Naoki), and “imagined communities” formed through the media (Itō Kimio).
The researchers affiliated with this COE have conducted a large amount of research on the intimate sphere both jointly and as individuals in studies reinforcing those of other members. Their findings have high relevance and importance in an international context. Their studies have been translated into English, Korean, Chinese, Thai, and other languages and have been used by Asian researchers in an effort to develop a specifically Asian research framework. This COE will have a firm foundation in the substantial, important achievements of these researchers and their collective knowledge and talents.
b) List their major scientific papers and publications (up to five per member, underlining their names in case of multiple authors).
Kyoto University Program title:
Global Center of Excellence for Reconstruction of the Intimate and Public Spheres in 21st Century Asia
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